The treated rats showed significantly faster and more full therapeutic than controls
However, under pathological conditions, iron is readily involved a single electron transfer reaction and is transformed into ferrous iron, which shows high reactivity and toxicity
Furthermore, MPs/NPs can be internalized by cells via various endocytic mechanisms, including phagocytosis, macropinocytosis, and clathrin- or caveolin-dependent pathways, leading to intracellular buildup within cytoplasmic and lysosomal compartments [42]
Moreover, rotenone induces astrogliosis and alterations in the expression of g-tubulin, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), and connexin 43 in astrocytes [70, 72, 74]
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